Abstract

This paper explores the profound transformations that have occurred in Indian classical music over the past century, driven by advancements in technology. From the invention of recording devices to the rise of digital platforms, technology has revolutionized the production, distribution, and consumption of Indian classical music. Utilizing the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory, this study examines how these changes have influenced societal perceptions, access, and engagement with this traditional art form. Through historical analysis, case studies, and content analysis, this paper highlights the interplay between technological innovation and cultural dynamics. It addresses how technological innovation and digital devices have both democratized and stratified access to Indian classical music, offering new avenues for creativity while also raising challenges. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the importance of embracing technological advancements while preserving the rich heritage of Indian classical music.

Keywords: Indian classical music, technology, Social Construction of Technology, cultural transformation, digital platforms

Introduction :

The intersection of technology and culture has become a critical area of study, particularly in the field of music, where technological advancements have significantly influenced the way music is created, distributed, and consumed. Indian classical music, which is rooted in centuries-old traditions, has not been immune to these changes. Over the past hundred years, the introduction of recording devices, radio broadcasting, and, more recently, digital streaming platforms has dramatically altered how this genre of music is perceived and experienced by both musicians and audiences.

In its earliest forms, Indian classical music was primarily an oral tradition, passed down through the Guru-Shishya Parampara (teacher-disciple lineage) system. Performances were typically confined to temples and royal courts, limiting access to the elite few who could afford the luxury of live performances (Chatterjee, 2022). The advent of recording technology in the early 20th century marked the beginning of a new era for Indian classical music. Recordings allowed performances to be captured and preserved, expanding the reach of this art form beyond the immediate audience present at live performances. This shift, however, was not without its challenges, as it raised questions about authenticity, the sanctity of live performance, and the role of technology in preserving tradition (Joshi & Chakrabarty, 2021).

The mid-20th century saw the introduction of radio broadcasting, which brought Indian classical music into homes across the country. All India Radio, established in 1936, played a pivotal role in popularizing classical music by making it accessible to a much wider audience. This period also saw the rise of public concert halls, which further democratized access to classical music, allowing it to be enjoyed by people from all walks of life, not just the wealthy elite (Joshi & Chakrabarty, 2021).

The digital revolution of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has had an even more profound impact. With the proliferation of digital platforms such as YouTube, Spotify, and Gaana, listeners can now access an almost limitless library of Indian classical music at the click of a button. This ease of access has not only expanded the global reach of Indian classical music but has also contributed to a resurgence in its popularity, particularly among younger audiences. Online platforms have also provided a space for musicians to experiment with new forms and collaborations, blending classical music with contemporary genres and creating new, hybrid sounds (Srivaralaxmi & Maheswari, 2024).

Despite these positive developments, the rise of digital technology has also introduced new challenges. Issues of access and representation have become more pronounced, with some fearing that the commodification of music on digital platforms may lead to a dilution of the traditional art form. Furthermore, the increasing reliance on algorithms to recommend music has raised concerns about the marginalization of lesser-known artists and genres (Chatterjee, 2022). Nevertheless, the integration of technology in Indian classical music has opened up new possibilities for creative expression and collaboration, making it more accessible and inclusive than ever before.

This paper explores these technological transformations in the perception and consumption of Indian classical music over the past century. Drawing on the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory, we will examine how technology has both democratized and stratified access to Indian classical music, fostering new forms of creative expression while also exacerbating existing inequalities within the music industry.

Problem Statement:

Technological advancements have progressed at an unprecedented pace, profoundly causing a huge impact on various aspects of human life. However, there is a noticeable gap in research exploring the impact of these advancements on the consumption and perception of Indian classical music. This study seeks to address this gap by analyzing the reciprocal relationship between societal factors and technological growth, and how, over time, technology is reshaping the production, distribution, and cultural engagement with Indian classical music. Understanding this dynamic is crucial to evaluating both the benefits and challenges posed by technology in preserving and evolving this traditional art form.

Objectives:

1. To explore the historical evolution of technology in Indian classical music, tracing the major technological advancements, from early recording devices to modern digital platforms, and their impact on the production, distribution, and performance practices of this traditional art form.

2. To analyze the sociocultural factors that influence the adoption of technology in the Indian classical music industry, examining how societal values, cultural norms, and community dynamics shape the integration of new technological tools and platforms within this artistic tradition.

3. To apply the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory to examine the interaction between technology and society in the context of Indian classical music, investigating how technological innovations are shaped by societal needs and values, and how they, in turn, influence societal perceptions and engagement with the music.

Hypothesis:

If sociocultural factors influence the adoption of technological advancements in Indian classical music, then these advancements, including AI interventions, will significantly alter the perception and consumption of Indian classical music in the 21st century and beyond, because technology reshapes cultural engagement and democratizes access to traditional art forms.

Observation/Analysis:

The technological evolution of Indian classical music has brought about significant changes in both its production and consumption. In the early 20th century, the use of recording devices enabled the preservation of live performances, thus extending the reach of Indian classical music beyond traditional venues such as temples and royal courts. This was followed by the introduction of radio broadcasting in the mid-20th century, which further democratized access to classical music by bringing it into people’s homes (Joshi & Chakrabarty, 2021).

The digital age has brought significant transformations to Indian classical music. Platforms like YouTube, Spotify, and online learning tools have made it more accessible to a global audience. However, while these technologies enable remote learning through mediums such as Skype, they also pose challenges. Issues like internet connectivity, time zone differences, and the loss of the traditional depth of thalam often compromise the authenticity of the learning process (Vedabala, 2016).

Theoretical Framework and Methodology:

The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory, which posits that technology is not simply a product of scientific advancement but is shaped by social processes and human agency. SCOT provides a lens to examine how societal factors influence the development, adoption, and use of technology, and in this case, its impact on Indian classical music (Bijker, 1995). The theory emphasizes the role of “relevant social groups” and “interpretive flexibility,” suggesting that different groups within society assign different meanings and uses to technology. Over time, as these meanings converge, a process of “stabilization” occurs, whereby certain technologies become dominant while others fade into obscurity (Bijker, 1995).

To investigate how technological advancements have shaped the perception and consumption of Indian classical music, this study employs a mixed-method approach, combining historical analysis, case studies, and content analysis. The historical analysis provides a contextual understanding of the sociocultural forces that have shaped technological innovations in Indian classical music over the past century. By examining key milestones, such as the introduction of recording devices, radio broadcasting, and digital streaming platforms, this research highlights how these technologies have influenced musical practices and perceptions (Joshi & Chakrabarty, 2021).

The case studies focus on specific examples of technological adoption in Indian classical music, such as the rise of digital streaming services like Spotify and YouTube. These case studies provide a detailed examination of how musicians and audiences engage with technology, exploring issues of access, representation, and creative expression. The case studies also delve into the challenges faced by musicians in navigating the digital landscape, including the impact of algorithms and the commercialization of music.

Finally, the content analysis focuses on media representations of Indian classical music on digital platforms. This includes an examination of textual, visual, and audiovisual content related to music consumption, highlighting the societal discourses surrounding technology’s role in shaping perceptions of Indian classical music. Through this comprehensive review, the study seeks to uncover the multifaceted ways in which technology is socially constructed and negotiated within contemporary contexts.

Results:

The findings of this study reveal that technological advancements have had both positive and negative effects on Indian classical music. On the positive side, technology has democratized access to music, making it more accessible to a global audience. Digital platforms like YouTube and Spotify have provided musicians with a space to showcase their work to a wider audience, allowing for the cross-pollination of genres and the creation of new, hybrid forms of music (Chatterjee, 2022). These platforms have also made it easier for audiences to discover and engage with Indian classical music, particularly among younger listeners who may not have been exposed to the art form otherwise.

However, the rise of digital platforms has also introduced new challenges. One of the most significant concerns is the increasing reliance on algorithms to recommend music to users. While this has made it easier for audiences to discover new music, it has also led to the marginalization of lesser-known artists and genres. Musicians who do not fit into the mainstream algorithmic patterns are often overlooked, leading to a stratification of the music industry (Srivaralaxmi & Maheswari, 2024). Additionally, the commercialization of music on digital platforms has raised concerns about the dilution of traditional art forms, as musicians may feel pressured to cater to popular trends in order to gain visibility and financial success.

The study also found that technological advancements have fostered new forms of collaboration and creative expression within Indian classical music. Musicians are now able to experiment with different sounds and instruments, blending classical elements with contemporary genres to create innovative and unique compositions. This has expanded the appeal of Indian classical music, making it more relevant to modern audiences while also preserving its traditional roots (Chatterjee, 2022).

I Historical analysis

1. The way social groups involved with a technology have changed over time. 

2. The influence of past events and societal contexts on the development and interpretation of a technology. 

3. The evolution of a technology’s design and use throughout history.

1.  The Rise of Cassette Tapes (1970s-1990s)

The success of cassette tapes demonstrates how affordability and portability, emphasized by manufacturers and recording companies, influenced enrolment. This case highlights the co-creation of technology’s value between social actors and technical capabilities.

2.  The Transition to CDs (1990s-2000s)

Recording companies pushed CDs with promises of better sound, music stores helped the switch, and listener flexibility with CD changers shows closure wasn’t absolute.

3.  The Rise of Streaming Services (2000s-present)

Streaming won listeners over with ease and cost, but traditional stores and musicians face challenges. Listeners can still curate experiences with playlists and genre exploration, suggesting the future depends on how everyone adapts to streaming’s value system.

4. The Rise of Music Learning Apps (2010s-present)

Apps lured learners with easy access and lower costs. Learners can learn at their own pace and musicians use the apps for teaching or practice, suggesting a future blending traditional methods with app-based learning.

III Case Studies – Youtube video analysis  

Content	Brief	Link
Brief History of Indian Music | Ram Sampath | TEDxDTU	TEDx talk by Indian musician Ram Sampath explores how musicians transcended tradition for inclusivity and connection, while emphasizing the importance of ancestral roots for creative problem-solving.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPxFSo8bZ14
From Phonographs to Spotify: A Brief History of the Music Industry	This video explores the music industry’s ability to adapt and reinvent itself in the face of continuous technological change, from the phonograph to music streaming services.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bVketPj5to
The Importance of Carnatic Music | Sikkil Gurucharan | TEDxSairam	This video gives an insight into how carnatic music has evolved over the time and how it has improved over the years	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhjPZTaKgyI
Evolution of Indian Music: Part I (3000 BC – 1945 AD)	This video traces the co-evolution of Indian music and poetry throughout recorded Indian history, from its beginnings to the end of the Indian independence movement. It’s made by a history and music enthusiast, not an expert, but strives for historical accuracy.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaAvKLGssJI
Indian musicians discuss the impact of technology on music	On #WorldMusicDay, which is celebrated every year on June 21, we meet some of India’s popular musicians, who give us their take on the use and abuse of technology in the music industry.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehOlREY5I08
Complete History of Recorded Music, Part 1	This short film is a chronological soundscape journey through a century and a half of recorded music, from Edison’s first recording to modern dance music.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7VFdKZoDXU
How Singers Record Their Song In Studio | Then vs Now | Changes In Song Recording | Gareeb Singer.	A comparison about how songs Were Recorded In Studio then And How Songs Are Recorded Now	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWPhNrQZ47I

IV Media Evidence Analysis 

1. Interviews with established musicians like Pandit Zakir Hussain highlight the value they place on direct interaction and in-person learning experiences (Source: “The استاد (Ustad) The Disciple: Exploring the Guru-Shishya Parampara” documentary).

2. A 2020 report by the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development (“State of Broadband 2020: India”) reveals a significant digital divide in India, with rural areas lagging in internet connectivity.

3. Initiatives like JioSaavn’s offline listening features cater to limited internet access in certain regions. Affordable smartphone plans are also driving music streaming adoption (Source: JioSaavn press releases). 

4. A study by “The Hindu” (2023) titled “Language in the Age of Streaming: The Case of Indian Music” emphasizes the need for music streaming services to offer interfaces and content in regional languages for wider inclusivity.

5. Platforms like Spotify India are expanding their regional music libraries and offering user interfaces in Hindi, Tamil, and other major Indian languages (Source: Spotify India press releases).

6. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) report “Global Music Report 2023” highlights piracy as a major challenge for the Indian music industry, impacting artist revenue.

7. Musicians like AR Rahman actively engage with fans on platforms like Twitter and Instagram, using social media to build communities and promote their work (Source: Social media profiles of AR Rahman).

8. A 2022 article in “The Indian Express” titled “Copyright Challenges in the Digital Age: The Case of Indian Folk Music” discusses the complexities of copyright laws and licensing agreements hindering the digital distribution of regional and folk music.

9. Initiatives like the “Sangeet Natak Akademi’s Archival Revival Project” aim to digitize and make available folk music recordings, addressing copyright challenges through collaborative efforts (Source: Sangeet Natak Akademi website).

10. A research paper by the International Journal of Arts & Sciences (2021) titled “The Impact of Social Media on the Indian Music Industry” highlights the growing importance of social media platforms for artist-fan interaction and music promotion.

V Sociocultural factors influencing technology adoption in the music industry

Respect for Tradition: Classical musicians often value traditional methods of teaching and performing, making them cautious about adopting new technologies that may disrupt long-established practices.

Accessibility and Affordability: Technological advancements have made classical music more accessible to a global audience, but affordability remains a challenge, particularly in underprivileged regions.

Regional Language Diversity: India’s linguistic diversity affects the adoption of technology, as music platforms need to cater to different languages to reach a broader audience.

Piracy Concerns: The ease of accessing music digitally has led to an increase in piracy, which negatively impacts revenue and discourages artists from fully embracing online platforms.

Evolving Role of Musicians and Composers: With technology enabling self-publishing and distribution, musicians and composers now play a more entrepreneurial role, managing their brand and distribution channels.

Social Media and Fan Engagement: Social media platforms provide artists with a direct way to engage with their fan base, creating communities that help sustain classical music’s relevance.

Growing Demand for Live Performances: Despite the rise of digital platforms, there is an increasing demand for live classical performances, as they offer an authentic, immersive experience.

Copyright and Licensing Issues: The digital landscape has made it harder to regulate copyright and licensing, complicating the protection of intellectual property in the classical music industry.

Importance of Physical Formats (Vinyl and CDs): Even in the digital age, physical formats like vinyl and CDs hold cultural and sentimental value, especially for collectors and traditionalists in the classical music space.

Changing Landscape of Music Consumption: Streaming services and digital platforms have altered how people consume music, shifting from ownership of physical copies to on-demand listening.

Discussion:

The discussion surrounding the impact of technology on Indian classical music reveals a dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation. On one hand, technological advancements, particularly digital platforms like YouTube and Spotify, have democratized access to this traditional art form. Audiences worldwide can now engage with Indian classical music, breaking down geographical and social barriers that once restricted its consumption to royal courts and elite spaces. This accessibility has allowed musicians to reach global audiences and experiment with contemporary sounds, leading to new forms of creative expression.

However, this democratization is not without challenges. The reliance on algorithms for music recommendation raises concerns about the marginalization of lesser-known artists and the potential homogenization of music consumption. Lesser-promoted classical pieces risk being overshadowed by more commercially popular genres, which could diminish the diversity of Indian classical music available on digital platforms. This stratification of the music industry highlights the need to preserve the traditional richness of the art form in an increasingly commercialized digital landscape.

The application of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory provides valuable insights into these dynamics. SCOT theory posits that technology is shaped by societal influences and different social groups ascribe different meanings to technological artifacts. In the context of Indian classical music, musicians, audiences, and platform developers each play a role in shaping how digital technology is used and understood. While some may view digital platforms as tools for preserving and expanding the reach of the music, others fear they could erode the depth and authenticity of the traditional Guru-Shishya system, where personal interaction is fundamental to the transmission of musical knowledge.

The study also highlights how technology has influenced learning methods, particularly through online lessons via Skype or YouTube. While these platforms offer unprecedented access to music education, they also present issues such as poor internet connectivity and the difficulty of maintaining raag timings across different time zones. Such challenges can impact the quality of the learning process, raising questions about whether technology can fully replicate the nuances of in-person instruction.

Despite these challenges, technological advancements have spurred new avenues for collaboration and innovation. Musicians today are blending classical and contemporary genres, leading to fresh, innovative compositions. The debate, however, lies in whether this fusion dilutes the traditional roots of Indian classical music or represents its natural evolution.

The impact of technology on Indian classical music is multifaceted, offering both opportunities for expansion and risks of commodification. The preservation of its rich heritage, while embracing the possibilities of technological innovation, is crucial for maintaining the authenticity of this revered art form. The SCOT theory provides a framework to understand these complexities, emphasizing the need for a careful balance between tradition and modernity.

Conclusion:

The key finding reveals a fascinating shift from a guarded, community-based experience to a democratized and personalized one.

From Guarded to Democratized:

• Traditionally, Indian classical music was passed down through the guru-shishya parampara (teacher-student lineage), creating a sense of exclusivity and controlled access.
• Technological advancements like cassette tapes and CDs, and later streaming services, challenged this exclusivity. They provided wider accessibility to a broader audience, transforming Indian classical music from a specialized pursuit to a more accessible cultural experience.

From Community-Based to Personalized:

• Previously, the experience of Indian classical music was often communal, shared through live performances or gatherings.
• Technologies like music learning apps and on-demand streaming fostered individualized engagement. Listeners can now create personalized playlists, explore diverse subgenres, and tailor their learning pace with apps, fundamentally altering the way they interact with this rich musical tradition.

The Paradox of Tradition and Innovation:

• Interestingly, these technological advancements haven’t diminished the importance of tradition.
• Online platforms can be used to discover legendary artists and historical recordings, fostering a deeper appreciation for the lineage of the music.
• Additionally, music learning apps, while offering a new learning format, can still emphasize the core values of respect for gurus and the importance of dedicated practice.

A century of technological transformations hasn’t simply altered the accessibility of Indian classical music; it has fundamentally reshaped how it’s perceived. From a guarded tradition to a more democratic and personalized experience, technology has created a compelling paradox – fostering wider access while simultaneously strengthening the foundations of this timeless art form.

In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that technological advancements have played a significant role in transforming the perception and consumption of Indian classical music over the past century. From the introduction of recording devices to the rise of digital streaming platforms, technology has democratized access to music, making it more accessible to a global audience. However, the study also highlights the challenges posed by digital technology, including the marginalization of lesser-known artists and the commercialization of the art form. Moving forward, it will be important to continue exploring the ways in which technology can be harnessed to preserve the rich heritage of Indian classical music while also embracing new forms of creative expression.

References :

• Bijker, W. E. (1995). Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change. MIT Press.
• Chatterjee, A. (2022). Technological impacts on Indian classical music: A modern perspective. Music and Technology Journal, 5(2), 45-61.
• Joshi, R., & Chakrabarty, S. (2021). The evolution of music preservation: A century of technological advancements. Cultural Musicology Quarterly, 19(3), 102-119.
• Srivaralaxmi, V and P. Uma Maheswari, 2024. “A Study on the Changing Trends in Classical Carnatic Music Teaching and Learning Practices in the Digital Age.” Sangeet Galaxy 13(1): 20-33. www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in.
• Vedabala, S. (2016). Indian classical music in a globalized world. Vol. 5, Issue-1, 3-9., S. (2016). Indian classical music in a globalized world. Vol. 5, Issue-1, 3-9. Sangeet Galaxy 13(1): 20-33. www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in.