The term ‘Raga’ is defined in various ways. In Indian texts, it has been defined as, “Ranjayati iti Ragah”. Raga means a melody. Many melodies can be made from one Raga. So Indian classical Music is called ‘Raga Sangeet’. Raga is the biggest feature:
Lawanya Kirti Singh ‘Kabya’
Professor & Head, Department of Music & Dramatics
Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar
Abstract
The term ‘Raga’ is defined in various ways. In Indian texts, it has been defined as, “Ranjayati iti Ragah”. Raga means a melody. Many melodies can be made from one Raga. So Indian classical Music is called ‘Raga Sangeet’. Raga is the biggest feature:
योऽयं ध्वनिविशेषस्तु स्वरवर्णविभूषितः।
रंजकः जनचित्तनां स रागः कथितो बुधैः।।
Raga is the melodic form underlying Indian classical music. Raga consists a fixed set of notes with ascending and descending scale. This paper presents a bird’s eye view of the Ragas depicted in different musical texts by the authors ion different time periods.
Key words: Raga, Melody, Music, Text, Ragini
‘Raga’ is a gift to Indian Music. Raga has great importance in Indian Music. Raga acquires a wider definition. Many scholars have approached ‘Raga’ in different ways with classifications. Ragas have their aesthetic forms. There is no other music in any form similar to ‘Raga’ of Indian Music to the world. The term ‘Raga’ is defined and explained in various ways. It’s a melodic scheme having different type of melodies. “The term ‘Raga’, as it is known today, is a technical word implying several characteristics. But the Raga was not used in this sense by Bharata in his ‘Natya Sastra’ or or in ‘Naradiya Siksa’ Prior to Bharata. Bharat used the word ‘Raga’ in its literal sense, namely ‘Ranjakatva’ or ‘delight-producing’. In ‘Naradiya Siksa’, Grama Raga is mentioned. There also the term is used only to denote particular modes without clarifying the position of Grama. Later after a lapse of a few centuries, Matanga in his ‘Brahaddesi,’ uses the word in a different sense. For the first time he used this term to denote melodic form enjoining particular conditions.”1
Raga has its broadest sense. Ragas were dedicated to particular deities. Each Raga has its specific colour, element, and mood. Several texts of music give description of this aspect of Raga. Therefore, Music is considered direct path to spirituality. Many scholars have approached the Raga with classifications in various ways. Ahobala has defined ‘Mela’ (esy) as the group of notes (Swaras) which manifests the Raga. Pundarik Vitthala admitted 17 melas in ‘Sadragachandrodaya’. Pandit Damodar stated five Ragas originated from the faces of Shiva and one from the face of Parvati. This is the concept of Raga-Ragini as husband and wife. The under three heads namely Purush (Male), Stri (Female) and Putra (Son) Ragas are Pundarik Vitthala. Pt. Vishnu Narayana Bhatkhanda classified Ragas under ten thatas. Pt. Narayan Moreshwar Khare stated Ragang Vargikaran.
In application, Raga is a contemplation in sound. “All Indian performing musicians are very much aware that a Raga could be as precise as a pakada or it could be rendered for any length of time; even the same Raga may be rendered for days and months together and the Raga is never exhausted, the artist may feel idealized position although practical or other limitations play their part.”2 Ragas have their time-theories too.
We have so many Indian texts in centuries. There are several valuable works on Ragas. Various Ragas are in these texts. Here is a bird’s eye view:
Sangeet Makarand: Naarad3
Suryansh (Morning) Ragas :
Gandhar, Dev Gandhar, Dhannasi, Saindhavi, Narayani, Gurjari, Bangala, Pat Manjari, Lalit, Aandolika, Saurashtreya, Jay Sakshika, Malhar, Saamvedi, Vasant, Shuddha Bhairav, Belawali, Bhupal, Somrag.
Madhyahna Ragas :
Shankarabharan, Poorva, Balhansa, Deshi, Manohari, Saveri, Dombuli, Kambhoji, Gopi Kambhoji, Kaishiki, Madhu Madhavi, Bahuli (2 Types), Mukhari, Mangala Kaushiki.
Chandramansh Ragas :
Shuddha Nat, Saalag Nat, Suddha Varatika, Gaul, Malavgaud, Shri, Ahari, Ramkriti, Ranji, Chhaya, Sarvavaratika, Varatika, Dravatika, Desh, Naag Varatika, karnat, Gauri.
Morning Ragas : Deshakshi, Bhairav, Shuddha Malhar, Mahuri, Anadali
Night Ragas : Varatika, Suddha Dravati, Ramkriti, Chhayanat, Rangaka,
Noon Ragas : Gaud,
After 3 Prahar of Sanset : Shuddha, Salang, Natika,
Shri Rag, Maalav, Maalavkaishiki, Saaveri, Meghranji, Hindola, Kaishiki, Tundi, TurushkaTundi, Bangali, Maahuri, Devkriya, Ragahansi, Deshakshi, Bhairavi, Saalang Bhairavi, Kambhari, Karnat Bangla, Shuddha Hindolika, Punnat, Shuddha Naat, Sarang Natika, Belawali, Chhayanati, Ragrang, Varati, Dravati, Naagvaratika, Karnat Mishra Naati, Shuddha Varatika, Kaumodaki, Malhari, Sarang, Bahuli (2 types), Troti, Pahatika, Mukhari, Madhumadhavi, Malvari, Gurjari, Saurashtri, Lalita, Naagdhwani, Kambhoji, Dhanashri, Kolahar, Chhayagaud, Rama, Dombulika, Vasantbhairavi, Saaveri, Saindhavi.
Sampoorna Raag : (with Grah Swar) :
Deshakshi, Vasant, Shuddha Bhairavi, Maalavi, Nat, Mukhari, Aahari, Baalhansa, Shuddha Vasant, Raamkriya (Shuddha), Varatika (Shuddha).
Shaadav Raag : (with Grah Swar) :
Dev Gandhar, Nilambari, Shri Raag, Shuddha Bahuli, Shuddha Gaul, Lalita, Malavshree, Bhupal, Padvanji, Gundakri, Kuranji
Audav Raag : (with Ggrah Swar) :
Dhanashri, Madhumadhawi, Gurjari, Meghranji, Belawali, Ramkri, Narayani, Pali.
Male Raagas :
Bangala, Som Raag, Shri Raag, Bhupali, Chhaya Gaud, Shuddha Hindolika, Aandoli, Dombuli, Gaud, Karnataka, Phadmanji, Shuddha Nati, Maal Gaul, Raag Rang, Chhayanati, Kolahal, Saurashtri, Vasant, Shuddha Sarang, Bhairavi, Raag Dhwani.
Female Ragas :
Tundi, Turushkatundi, Malwari, Mahuri, Pauraliki, Kambhari, Bhallati, Saindhavi, Salangakhya, Gandhari, Devkri, Deshini, Belawali, Bahuli, Gundakri, Gurjari, Varati, Dravadi, Hansi, Gauri, Narayani, Ahiri, Meghranji, Mishra Naat.
Impotent / Napunsak Ragas :
Kaishiki, Lalit, Dhannashi, Kuranjika, Saurashtri, Drawidi, Shuddha, Naagvaratika, Kamodika, Ramkri, Saaveri, Valahansa, Samvedi, Shankarabharan.
Raagas under Ragang Vargikaran :
Madhyamadi, Maalavashri, Shrika, Jay Sakshika, Varati, Gurjari, Gaud, Kalahala, Vasantak Dhanashri, Desh, Deshakhya, Bangala.
8 Raagas & 24 Raginies :
1. Raag Raginies
1. Bhupal Belawali, Malhari, Bahuli
2. Bhairav Devkriya, Paurali, Kambhari
3. ShriRaag Kamboji, Bhallati, Kuranjika
4. Padmanjari Deshi, Manohari, Tundi
5. Vasant Varati, Dravadi, Hansi
6. Maalav Gundkriya, Gurjari, Gauri
7. Nat Sarang Nat, Natakhya, Aahari
8. Bangala Narayani, Gandhari, Ranji
2. Shri Raag Gaudi, Kolahali, Dravati, Aandolika, Maadhavi,
Dev Gandhari
Vasant (Unavailable)
Bhairav (Unavailable)
Pandam Shuddha Nat, Saveri, Saindhavi, Malti, Troti, Kaumodiki
Megh Saurashtri, Kambhari, Bangali, Madhumadhavi, Devakri, Bhupali
Nat Narayan Vallabha, Madhavi, vidagdha, Abhisarika, Triveni, Meghranji
Vrihaddeshi: Matang4
Ragas according to two classifications, i.e Gram Raga / Bhasha Raga and Deshi Raga. Gram Ragas are under Gitees.
Shuddha Raga – Shadav, Pancham, Kaishik, Madhyam and Choksha Sadharit (Choksha Kaishik) = 05
Bhinna – Bhinna Shadja, Bhinna Tana, Bhinna Kaishik Madhyam, Bhinna Pancham, Bhinnakaishik = 05
Gaud – Gaud Pancham, Gaud Kaishik, Gaud Kaishik Madhyam =03
Vesar Raag – Takka, Saubir, Maalav Pancham, Shadav, Bottaraag, Hindolak, Takka Kaishik, Maalav Kaishik = 08
Sadharan – Narta, Shak, Kukubh, Bhamman (Harman) Pancham, Rupsadharit, Gandhar Pancham, Shadjha Kaishik = 07
Bhasha Raag – 16 (Only Numbers are shown)
Vibhasha Raag – 12 (Only Numbers are shown)
*73 Bhashas under 15 Gram Raagas :
Gram Raag Bhasha
Takka -Travana, Travanodbhaava, Veranjika, Chevati, Malevasarika, Gurjari, Saurashtri, Saindhawati, Vesari, Panchama, Ravichandra, Ambaheri, Lalita, Kalaheli, Madhyamgramdeha, Gandhar Panchami = 16
Maalavkaishik – Shuddha, Ardhavesarika, Harshapuri, Mangali, Saindhavi, Aabhari, Khanjani, Gurjari = 08
Kakubh – Kamboja, Madhyamgrama, Saatvahanika, Yogvardhini, Muhari, Shakmishrit, Bhinna Panchami = 07
Hindol – Vesari, Manjari, Chhevati, shadjamadhyama, Madhuri = 05
Pancham – Aabhiri, Bhavini, Mangali, Saindhavi, Gurjari, Dakshinatya, Aandhri, Tanodbhava, Travani, Kaishiki = 10
Bhinnashadja – Vishuddha, Dakshinatya, Gandhari, Shrikanthi, Paurali, Maangli, Saindhavi, Kalingi, Pulindi = 09
Sauvirak – Sauviri, Vegmadhyama, Sadharita, Gandhari = 04
Bhinna Pancham – Shudha Bhinna, Varati, Dhaivat Bhushita, Vishala = 04
Vott – Maangali = 01
Maalavpanchami – Bhavini = 01
Takka Kaishik – Maalava, Bhinnavalika, Dravidi = 03
Vesar Shadav – Bhahya Shadav, Nadakhya = 02
Bhinna Taan – Tanodbhava = 01
Gandhar Pancham – Gandharika = 01
Pancham Shadav – Shakakhya (Revgupta) = 01
Matang discribes three parts of Deshi Raag : Ragang, Bhashang and Kriyang. Only six Ragas under Bhashang are there : Kachchheli, Gangali, Bhammanika, Pulindika, Gandhar Sindhu and Karnati = 06
(At present Deshi Raga Classification of Matang is not available).
Maanasollas : Someshwar5
* ‘Gram Ragas’ according to five Gities of Bharat : (Called Aprasidha)
Shuddha Raga – Shuddha Shadav, Shuddha Pancham, Shuddha Sadharit, Shuddha Kaishik Madhyam, Shuddha Kaishiki = 05
Bhinna Raga – Bhinna Shadja, Bhinna Taal, Bhinna Kaishik-Madhyam, Bhinna Pancham, Bhinna Kaishiki = 05
Gaud Raga – Gaud Pancham, Gaud Kaishik Madhyam, Gaud Kaishiki = 03
Raga – Shadav, Vodat, Maalav Pancham, Takka Kaishiki, Sauvira, Maalavkaishik, Hindol, Takka = 08
Sadharan Raga – Nat, Shak, Koh, Bhamman Pancham, Roop Sadharit, Gandhar Pandham, Shadja Kaishik = 07
* Ragas (as called Prachalit) :
Shri, Gaud, Som, Maalavkaishik, Harshpari, Hindolika, Deshi, Hindol, Bhairavi, Mallar, Mallari, Saurviri, Aandhali, Bangal, Deval, Karnat Bangal, Gurjaari, Deshi, Saurashtri, Kamboji, Punnatak, Naagdhwani, Gurjar, Kaushiki, Shuddhavarati, Karnatvarati, Dravidvarati, Shuddha Nati, Paura, Megh (Travani), Aahiri, Chhayanati, Todi, Turushka Todi, Dulli Todi, Vallana, Bahuri, Veladalli (Velavali), Chhaya Velavali, Changhi, Raktahans, Khambhari, Kamoda, Sinhali Kamoda, Deshanka, Nandasi (Dhanashi), Lalit, Kolahal, Saindhavi, Dombakriti, Ramkriti, Tundakriti.
Sangeet Chudamani : Jagadekmalla6
*Only No. of 101 Ragas are shwon in ‘Sangeet Sudha of Raghunath Bhoop according to Bhashang-Kriyang– Bhed described by Jagadekmall. But 94 names of Ragas cited from ‘Sangeet Chudamari’ are given in Bharat-Kosh, i.e.
Andhalika, Awasthan-Varatika, Aadikamoda, Aabhiri, Aamra Pancham, Utpalini, Kachchholi, Kambhareeti, Kambhareeti, Karnat Gaud, Kambhoj, Kalindi, Kuntalvarati, Kharika, Gandhargatika, Gundakriya, Gurunja, Gurjari, Golli, Gaud, Gaudi, Ghantarav, Chhaya, Chhaya Todi, Chayanatt, Chhayavelavali, Chhohari, Rakka Saindharvi, Dombakriya, Tarangini, Turushka Todi, Todi, Trinetra Kriti, Dakshin Gurjari, Deep, Devkriti, Desh Devaal, Deshvaal Gaud, Deshaakhya, Deshi, Deshi Hindal, Dravid Gaud, Dravinvaratika, Dhanyasika, Dhwani, Naagdhwani, Naat Narayani, Nata, Nadantari, Neelotpalini, Pulindi, Punnat, Paurali, Pratapvaratika, Pratapbelauli, Pratham Manjani, Vrihaddakshinatya, Bhammani Bhinnabheeri, Bhunji, Bhairavi, Madhyamadi, Mallar, Mallari, Maharashtra Gurjari, Margaa Hindol, Maahuri, Meghranjika, Rangreeti, Ramkri, Reetikaishik, Laghu Dakshinatya, Lalita, Varatika, Vegranjika, Beladhooli, Shankarabharan, Shambari, Shuddha Bangal, Shuddha Bhasha, Shuddha Varati, Shri Kanthi, Shriraag, Saalvahini, Sinhaleela, Saindhavavarati, Saindhavi, Som-Raga, Saurashrika, Saurashtri, Swabhavkriti, Swarsaindhavi, Hasta-Varatika, Harshapuri = 94
* Another 29 Shuddha Raga under ‘Raganamani’ :
Madhyamadi, Shankarabharan, Todi, Bhairav, Marg Hindal, Deshi Hindol, Naagdhwani, Dwivyavati, Tarangini, Kurunji, Phallati, Meghranji, Dhatugaud, Pancham, Ahir, Turangi, Madhukari, Paurani, Saveri, Deepraga, Saindhavi, Gati, Kamod, Swabhavkri, Nayankri, Pauhari, Anghai, Phulli (Utphullika), Shuddha Raga = 29
* Some Ragas under ‘Raga-Ragini Prastar’ :
Dhanashi Kahal, Deshakshikahal, Madhya Mel, Shrikantha, Dev Gandhar, Vasant, Puruneeru, Dond, Malaharik, Mukhanjali, Naatt, Naatt, Vyapti, Gauli, Puwali (Bhupali), Maalavgaulam, Mukhari, Kaburiraga.
Sangeet Ratnakar : Sharangadeva7
Under Marga and Deshi, there are 264 Ragas described :
*Gram Ragas in 5 geeties are :
Shuddha – Shuddha Kaishik Madhyam, Shuddha Sadharit, Shadja Gram, Pancham, Madhyam Gram, Shuddha Kaishik.
Bhinna – Kaishik Madhyam, Bhinna shadja, Taan Kaishik, Bhinna Pancham,
Gaudi – Gaud Kaishik Madhyam, Gaud Pancham, Gaud Kaishik
Besara – Sauveer, Takka, Vesar shadav Votta, Maalavkaushik, Maalav Pancham, Takka Kaishik, Hindol.
Sadharani – Roopsadhar, Shak, Bhamman Pancham, Narta, Gandhar Pancham, Shadja Kaishik, Kukubh.
UpRagas :
Shaktilok, Takka Saindhav, Kokila Pancham, Revgupta, Pancham Shadav, Bhavana Pancham, Naag Gandhar, Naag Pancham = 08
Ragas :
Shri, Natt, Bangal (2 Types), Bhas, Madhyam, Shadav, Rakta Hansa, Kolhas, Prasav, Bhairav, Dhwani, Megh, Som, Kamod (2 Types), Aamra Pancham, Kandarbh, Desh, Kaushik Kakubh, Nattnarayan.
15 Janak Ragas of Bhashas/Bhasha Janak Raga within 3 Gram Ragas devided into 5 Geeties :
Sauveer, Kakubh, Takka, Pancham, Bhinna Pancham, Takka Kaushik, Hindol, Bott, Maalavkaushik, Gandhar Pancham, Bhinna shadja, Besar Shadav, Maalav Pancham, Taan, Pancham, Shadav.
Bhashas in Sauviri Gram Raga – Sauviri, Veg Madhyama, Sadharita, Gandhari = 4
Bhashas in Kakubh Gram Raga – Bhinna Panchami, Kambhoji, Madhyam Gram, Raganti, Madhuri, Shakramishra = 6
Vibhashas – Bhogvardhini, Aabhirika, Madhukari = 3
Antarbhasha – Shaalvachanika = 1
Bhashas in Takka – Travana, Travanedbhava, Vairanji, Madhyam Gramdeha, Maalavavesari, Chhevati, Saindhavi, Kalahala, Panchamlakshita, Saurashtri, Panchami, Vegranji, Gandhar Panchami, Maalavi, Taanvalita, Lalita, Ravi Chandrika, Tana, Ambaherika, Dohaya, Besari = 21
Vibhasas – Devaarvardhini, Aandhri, Gurjari, Bhavani = 3
Bhashas in Pancham – Kaishiki, Travani, Taanodbhava, Aabhiri, Gurjari, Saindhawii, Dakshinatya, Aandhri, Mangali & Bhavani = 10
Vibhashas – Bhammani, Aandhalika = 2
Bhashas in Bhinna Pancham -Dhaivatabhushita, Shuddha Bhinna, Varati, Vishala = 4
Vibhasha – Kaushali = 1
Bhashas in Takkakaushik – Maalava, Bhinnavalita = 2
Vibhasha – Dravidi = 1
Bhashas in Hindol -Vesari, Chootmanjari, Shadja Madhyama, Madhuri, Bhinna Paurali, Gaudi, Maalavavesari, Chhevati, Pinjari = 9
Bhasha in Botta – Maangali = 1
Bhashas in Maalavakaushik -Baangali, Maangali, Harshpuri, Maalavavesari, Khanjani, Gurjari, Gaudi, Paurali, Ardhavesari, Shuddha, Maalavrupa, Saindhavi, Abhirika = 13
Vibhashas – Kambhoji, Devaarvardhini = 2
Bhasha in Gandhar Pandham – Gandhari = 1
Bhashas in Bhinna Shadja – Gandharvalli, Kachchheli Swarvalli, Nishadini, Travana, Madhyama, Shuddha, Dakshinatya, Pulindaka, Tumbura, Shadjabhasha, Kalindi, Lalita, Shrikanthika, Bangali, Gandhari, Saindhavi = 17
Vibhashas – Paurali, Malava, Kalindi, Devaarvardhini = 4
Bhashas in Vesarshadav – Nadya, Vahyashadava = 2
Vibhashas – Parwati, Shrikanthi = 2
Bhashas in Maalav Pancham – Vedavati, Bhavati, Vibhavani = 3
Bhasha in Tana – Taanodbhava = 1
Bhasha in Panchamshadav – Pota = 1
Bhasha in Revgupta – Shaka = 1
Vibhasha – Pallavi = 1
Antarbhashas – Bhaasvalita, Kiranavali, Shakvalita = 3
Poorva Prasiddha Ragas :
Ragang – Shankarabharan, Ghantarav, Hansak, Deepak, Reeti, Marnati, Laati, Panchali = 8
Bhashang – Gambhiri, Behari, Shwasita, Utpali, Goli, Nadantari, Neelotpali, Chhaya, Tarangini, Gandhargatika, Bairanji = 11
Kriyang – Bhavakri, Swabhavakri, Shivakri, Makarkri, Trinetrakri, Kumudkri, Danukri, Ojakri, Indrakri, Nagkriti, Dhanyakriti, Vijaykri = 12
Upang – Purnati, Deval, Gurunji
Adhuna Prasiddha Ragas :
Ragang – Madhyamadi, Maalavashri, Todi, Bangal, Bhairav, Varati, Gurjari, Gaud, Kolahal, Basant, Dhanyasi, Deshi, Deshakhya = 13
Bhashang – Dombakri, Saavari, Velavali, Pratham Manjari, Aadrikamodi, Naagdhwani, Shuddhavarati, Natta, Karnat Bangal = 9
Kriyang – Ramkriti, Gaudkriti, Devakri = 3
Upang :
Varati’s Upang – Kauntali, Dravidi, Saindhavi, Apasthanvarati, Hatswar- varati, Pratap varati = 6
Todi’s Upang – Chhaya, Trushka = 2
Gurjari’s Upang – Maharashtri, Saurashtri, Dakshina, Dravidi = 4
Others – Bhunjika, Stambteerthika, Chhaya, Chhaya Pratap (Chhaya Velavali, Pratpvelavali) Bhairavi, Kamoda-Sinhali, Chhayanatta, Ramkriti, Bhallatika, Malhari, Malhar, Karnat Gaud, Deshwal Gaud, Turushka Gaud, Dravid Gaud = 15
Sangeet Samayasaar : Parshwadeva8
Ragang Raga :
Sampoorna Raga – Madhyamadi, Shankarabharan, Toddi, Deshi Hindol, Shuddha Bangal, Aamrapancham, Ghantarav, Gurjari, Somrag, Malavshree, Deepraag, Varati = 12
Shadav Raga – Gauri, Deshi, Dhanyashi, Deshakhya = 4
Audav Raga – Bhairav, Shri, Marg Hindol, Gundakri – 4
Bhashang Raga :
Sampoorna Raga – Kaishiki, Belavali, Shuddha Varati, Aadi Kamod, Natta, Aabhiri, Brihad-Dakshinatya, Laghu Dakashinatya, Paurali, Bhinna Paurali, Madhukari, Raaganti, Veranji, Pratham Manjari, Saal Vahani, Natt Narayan, Utpali, Vegranji, Tarangini, Dhwani, Nadantari – 21
Shadhav Raga – Karnat Bangal, Saveri, Andhali, Shrikanthi, Utpali, Gaudi, Shuddha, Saurashtri, Bhammani, Saindhavi, Chhaya = 11
Audav Raga – Naagdhwani, Aahiri, Kambhoji, Pulindi, Kacchcheli, Chahari, Gandhargati, Lalita, Gaulli, Travani, Saindhav, Dombaki, Saindhavi, Kalindi, Khasak = 15
Upang Raga :
Sampoorna Raga – Saindhavavarati, Kuntalavarati, Apastwanavarati, Draviravarati, Pratapavarati, Hatasharavarai, Turushkatodi, Saurashtragurjari, Dakshingurjanri, Draviragurjari, Karnat Gaud, Dravir Gaud, Chhaya Belavali, Bhairavi, Sinhalkamod, Deval, Mahuri, Chhayanatta = 18
Shadav Raga -Maharashtra Gurjari, Kambhaiti, Kurunji, Ramkri, Hunji, Mallari, Bhallati = 7
Audav Raga – Chhaya Todi, Deshaal Gaud, Turushka Gaud, Pratapvelavali, Purnat, Mallar = 6
Kriyang Raga :
Sampoorna Raga – Devaki, Trinetra = 2
Shadav Raga – Swabhavaki = 1
Audav Raga – No Audav Raga
Sangeetopanishatsaaroddhaar : Sudhakalash9
Here, it is said that the number of Ragas are 16,000 but study of all Ragas is impossible.
l 6 Ragas and 36 Raginies :
Male Ragas Female Raginies
Shri -Gauri, Kolahal, Andhali, Dravidi Maal Kaishiki, Devagandhari
Vasant -Aandola, Kaishiki, Pratham Manjari, Gundagiri, Devashakha, Ramagri
Bhairav -Bhairavi, Gurjari, Bhasha, Velakuli, Karnati, Raktahansa
Pancham -Triguna, Stambhateerthi, Aabhiri, Kakubha, Vairadi, Saameri
Megh -Bangala, Madhura, Kamoda, Choksha Satika, Devagiri, Devala.
Natt Narayan -Totika, Motika, Natta, Dumbi, Mallari, Sindhu Mallari
* ‘Sangeetopanishatsaaroddhar’ is the another book of ‘Raga-Dhyan after ‘Raga Saagar’ by Narad’.
* Ragang – Devashakha, Maalavashree, Dhanashree, Deepak, & others.
Bhashang – Vrihati, Pulandhrika, Saindhavi, Lalita, Bheema Palasi & Others
Kriyang – Vairatika, Vriddhahansa, Saurashtrika & others
Upang – Kedar, Varnasthanakhya, Maalavika, Karnatbangala mukh, Gaud with its different types.
Ragas are devided between Deshya, Shuddha, Saalag & Chhaila.
Sangeetaraaj : Maharana Kumbha10
30 Gram-Ragas and 147 Deshi Ragas are described in details.
* Gram Raga – Shuddha Kaishik Madhyam, Shuddha Sadharit, Shadja Gram, Shuddha Pancham, Madhyam Gram, Shuddha Shadav, Shuddha Kaishik = 07
Bhinna Raga – Bhinna Kaishik Madhyam, Bhinna Shadja, Bhinna Tana, Bhinna Kaishik, Bhinna Pancham = 05
Gaud Raga – Gaud Kaishik Madhyam, Gaud Pancham, Gaud Kaishik
Vesar Raga – Takka, Vesar shadav, Sauveer, Botta, Maalavkaishik, Maalav Pancham, Takka Kaishik, Hindol = 08
Sadharan Raga – Roop Sadhar, Shak, Bhamman Pancham, Nartt, Gaandhar Pancham, Shadjakaishik, Kakubh = 07
* UpRaga – Shaktilak, Takka Saindhav, Raaj (Naag ?), Pancham, Bhaivana Pancham, Naaga Gandhar, Reva Gupta, Pancham Shadav, Kokila Pancham = 08
Bhasha, Vibhasha, Antarbhasha :
Sauveerjanit Bhasha – Sadharit, Gandhari, Sauviri = 03
Kakubhjanit Bhasha – Raganti, Bhinna Panchami, Aabhari, Madhyagrama, Shaatvahini, Bhogvardhini, Madhuri, Shakmishra, Kamboji = 09
Kakubhjanit Vibhasha – Madhukari, Bhogvardhini = 02
Takkajanit Bhasha – Paurali, Dehya, Devaarvardhani, Travani, Aalambi, Sharduli, Maatava-Vesari, Travana, Rinodbhava, Lalita, Vegarangi, Saurashtri, Madhyamdeha, Tana, Pancham Lakshita, Kolahala, Saindhavi, Malavi, Travana, Travanodbhava, Veranji, Chhevati, Maalavavesari, Gurjari, Saurashtriya, Saindhavi, Vesari, Panchami, Ravichandra, Ambaheri, Madhyam Gramdeha, Gandhar Panchami = 32
Takkajanit Vibhasha -Tanavalit, Pota = 02
Shuddha Panchamjanit Bhasha – Aabhiri, Bangali, Saindhavi, Travana, Dakshinatya, Saurashtra, Kaishiki, Gurjari, Aandhri, Bhawini, Bangali, Taanodbhava, Trawana, Trawaniee (Yashtik Mate) = 14
Suddha Panchamjanit Vibhasha – Vibhavini, Aandhali – 02
Bhinna Panchamjanit Bhasha – Shuddha Bhinna, Dhaivat Vibhushita, Kinnarvallabha = 03
Takka Kaishikjanit Bhasha – Maalava, BhinnaValika, Gandhari Lalita, Machcheli, Dravidi = 05
Hindolajanit Bhasha -Bhinnalalita, Dravidi, Ravichandra, Parvati, Gaudi, Maalavavesari, Chhevati, Kamboji, Shadjamadhya, Madhuri, Chut-Manjari = 11
Hindolajanit Vibhasha – Bhinnapaurali, Pinjari = 02
Botta Ragajanit Bhasha -Bangali = 01
Maalavakaishikajanit Bhasha – Maalava, Bangali, Harshapuri, Gandhi, Maalavavesari, Saindhani, Paurali, Bangali, Ardhavesari, Aabhari, Khanjani, Gurjari = 12
Maalavakaishikajanit Vibhasha – Shuddha = 01
Gandhar Panchamajanit Bhasha – Gandhari = 01
BhinnaShadjajanit Bhasha – Travani, Shadja, Gurjari, Vaahya Shadava, Gandhari, Lalit Koshali, Tumbara, Gardhar Lalita, Kachchheti, Kaalingi, Parwati, Madhyam, Saindhavi, Shuddha, Travana, Dakshinatya, Bangali, Shrikanthi, Gandhari, Saindhavi, Maalavi = 22
Bhinna Shadjajanit Vibhasha – maalava, Paurali = 02
Bhinna Shadjajanit Antarbhasha – Antarbhashanishadavati, Antarbhasha Swaravali, Kalingajantar = 03
Vesarajanit Bhasha – Bahya Shadava, Natt = 02
Maalavapanchamajanit Bhasha – Vibhavini, Paurali, Vedavati, Aandhri, Panchami = 05
Maalavpanchamajanit Vibhasha – Gandhari = 01
Bhinna Tanajanit Bhasha – Tana = 01
Pancham Shadavajanit Bhasha – Shak, Revagupta = 02
*Ragang -Madhyamadi, Bhairav, Maalavshree, ShriRaga, Somaraga, Kolahal, Megh, Kamod, Dvitiya, Kamod, Rakta Hansa, Natta Narayana, Dhanasi (Dhanyasi), Deshi Raga, Reeti, Aahas, Saahas, Nart, Gaud, Vasant, Gurjari, Deshakhya, Hindol, Shankarabharan, Aamrapanchami, Todika, Lati, Varati, Bangal, Bangal Pancham, Karnati, Pallavi, Deepak, Ghantarava = 34
Upang – Kauntali, Dravidi Varati, Saindhavi, Upasthan Varati, Hataswar Varati, Prapratap Varati, Chhaya Todi, Turushka, Todi, Maharashtriya Gurjari, Saurashtri Gurjari, Drawidi Gurjari, Dakshinatya Gurjari, Bhunji Velawali, Stambhateerthika, Chhaya Velawali, Pratap Velawali, Bhairavi, Chhayanatt, Mallar, Singhli Kamod, Reeti Guad, Poorva Gaud, Chhaya Gaud, Maalav Gaud, Turushka Gaud, Deshavaal Gaud, Karnat Gaud, Dheravi, Vallata, Devallau, Raga Chudamani = 31
Bhashang -Gambhiri, Bhramarawali, Lalita, Dvitiya Lalita, Lalita, Velawali, Saindhavi, Vallata, Madhuri, Dhwani, Shashika, Chhaya, Nadantari, Shri Kanthi, Tarangini, Vatuki, Golli, Nagadhwani, Natta, Shuddha Varativatuki, Laghukamod, Utpali, Gaudi, Kamboji, Todi, Andhali, Aabhiri, Vegaranjini, Devala, Kaishiki, Bhunchhi, Chaitravelavali, Bhupali, Apara Saindhavi, Travani, Bhairavi, Hombaki, Pulindi, Kalika, Maalava, Gandhargati, Chauhali, Geranji, Saaveri, Aadikamoda, Neelotpali, Pratham Manjari, Karnat Bangal, Malhari, Shaatavahini, Dakshinatya, Laghu Dakshinatya, Taravali, Kaalingi, Gandhar-Sindhu, Karnati, Saurashtri, Ranganti, Bhammani, Sinhali Kamoda, Ramkriti, Kachheli, Kuranji, Shambari, Bangali, Niralamb, Sauviri = 67
Kriyang – Purvaramkriya, Ramakriya, Gaudkriti, Devkriti, Indrakri, Bhavakriti, Naagkriti, Vipaghkri, Trinetraki, Kumudki Shivakriya, Ojakri, Swabhavakri, Marutkriti, Dhanyakri =14
Chatwarinshatraganirupanam : Naarad11
*10 male Ragas, 5-5 Raginies, 4-4 Putras and Putra-vadhus of each Ragas.
Ragas Raginies Putras Putravadhus
Shri Gauri Shuddha Gaud Varati
Kolahali Karnat Baulik
Amrapali Maalav Madhyamadi
Dravidi Purvaka Aarabhi
Malkaushik
Vasant Nilambari Sam Kalyani
Dhanashri Som Dukhawarati
Ramkri Reetigaul Saveri
Patmanjari Shankarharan Tarangini
Gaudkriya
Pancham Trivali Balhansa Narayani
Vallaki Gandhar Bhupali
Khambhaavati Devahindol Maru
Kakubh Paawak Navarochit
Aahari
Bhairav Belavali Panchavaktra Kurangamalika
Bhairavi Kalhar Veechi
Gurjari Lalit Mangal Kaushik
Lalit Chandrashekhar Mahuli
Karnati
Kaushik Todi Vidyunmala Nat Tarangini
Devagamdhari Kamod Purna Chandrika
Deshakhya Sarang Palika
Gunkriya Modak Jayanta Seni
Shuddha Saveri
Megh Trotaki Ghatakanth Sudhamayi
Motaki Kamal Dombakri
Apara Shri Ghantarav Mrit Sanjeevani
Vrihannala Rohak Megharanji
Ahannala
Nat Narayan Bangali Shuddha Bangal Trailangi
Shuddha Saktank Naat Langali
Kambhoji Gaarud Surata
Madhumadhavi Mohan Hambari
Devakri
Hindol Deshi Ramaniya Sindhu Ramkriya
Shivakri Mukhari Vegavahini
Lalit Uday Pancham Dhara
Mallari Suddha Vasant Chhaya Tarangini
Suhasika
Deepak Aasawari Kedargaul Kuranjamanjari
Natika Vairanji Naagavarali
Dehali Dehali Devaranjani
Kanada Saurashtra Sursindhu
Kedarika
Hansak Shriranjani Naagadhwani Maalavi
Maulashri Saamant Shyamkalyani
Saraswati Manohari Bhinna Pancham Deshakhi
Gauri Takka Bilahari
Manohari
Swarmelakalanidhi : Ramamatya12
Ragas Classified between 20 Mela and 64 Janya Ragas :
Mela Ragas Janya Ragas
Mukhari Mukhari
Maalavgaud Maalavgaud, Lalita, Bauli, Saurashtra, Gurjari, Mechboli, Phalmanjari, Gundakri, Sindhuramkri, Chhayagaul, Kuranji, Kannad Bangal, Mangal Kaushik, Malahari.
Shri Raga ShriRaga, Bhairavi, Gauli, Dhanyasi, Shuddha Bhairavi, Belavali, Malavashri, Shankarabharan, Aandhali, Devagandhar, Madhyamadi
Saarangnaat Saarangnaat, Saaveri, Salagbhairavi, NatNarayani, Shuddha Vasant, Purva Gaud, Kuntalavarali, Bhinna Shadja, Narayani
Hindol Hindol, Margahindol, Bhoopal
Shuddha Ramkriya Shuddha Ramkriya, Bauli, Aardra-Deshi, Deepak
Deshakshi Deshakshi
Kannadgaul Kannadgual, Ghantarava, Shuddha-Bangal, Chhayanat, Turushka Todi, Naaga Dhwani, Devakriya
Shuddha Naat Shuddha Naat
Ahiri Ahiri
Naad Ramkriya Naad Ramkriya
Shuddhavarali Shuddhavarali
Gaul Reetigaul
Vasant Bhairavi Vasant Bhairavi, Som
Kedar Gaul Kedar Gaud, Narayan Gaud
Hejuji Hejuji
Saamavarali Saamavarali
Revagupti Revagupti
Saamant Saamant
Kaambhoji Kaambhoji
And,
Ragas are devided into three categories as Uttam, Madhyam and Adham Ragas :
Uttam Ragas : Mukhari, Shuddha Varati, Maalav, Shuddha Vataali, Gurjari, Lalit, Shuddha Ramkriya, Shuddha Vasant, Bhairavi, Hindol, Shri, Kannad Gaul, Saamant, Deshakshi, Dhanyasi, Bauli, Aahari, Mallari, Maalavashri, Saarang Naati
Madhyam Ragas : Kedar Gaul, Kambhoji, Bangal (Kannad Bangal), Belavali, Madhyamadi, Narayani, Reetigaul, Nad Ramkriya, Padi, Bhupali, Revagupti, Gundakriya, Hijuji Vasant, Bhairavi, Saamavarali.
Adham Ragas : Saurashtra, Mech Bauli, Chhayagaul, Kuranjji, Sindhu-Ramkriya, Gaudi, Deshi, Mangal Kaushik, Purva Gaud, Som Raga, Aandhali, Phalamanjari, Shankarabharan, Dev Gandhari, Deepak, Nat Narayani, Shuddha Bhairavi, Bhinna Shadja, Kuttalavarali, Sarang Bhairavi, Shuddha Bangal, Naagdhwani, Ghantarava, Marga Hindol, Chayanaati, Devakriya, Narayani, Gaul, Todi, Varali, Turushaka Todi, Saaveri, Aardra Deshi.
Ragamala : Kshemakarna13
Classification in Raga, Ragini and Putras :
Raga Ragini Purta
Bhairav Bangali Bangal
Bhairavi Pancham
Velawali Madhu
Punyaki Harsh
Sneha Deshakh
Lalit
Velaval
Madhav
Malkosh Gundagri Maru
Gandharini Mewad
Shrihathi Barbal
Aandhali Bhishtang
Dhanashri Chandrakash
Ali
Nand
Khokhar
Hindal Tailangi Mangal
Devagiri Chandrabimb
Vaasanti Shubhrang
Sindhuri Aanand
Aabhiri Vibhas
Vardhan
Vasant
Vinod
Deepak Kaumodi Kamal
Patmajari Kusum
Todi Ram
Gurjari Kuntal
katheli Kaling
Bahul
Champak
Hemaal
Shree Vairati Saindhav
Karnati Maalav
Saavairakai Gaud
Gaudi Gambheerak
Ramgiri Gunasaagar
Saindhavi Vigad
Kalyan
Kumbh
Agad
Megh Mallari Nat
Sorathi Kaanar
Suhavi Saarang
Aasavari Kedarak
Konkani Gund
Gund Mallar
Jalandhar
Saarang
Sangeet Darpan : Damodar Pandit14
* Only name of 20 Ragas : Shri Natt, Bangal, Dwitiya Bangal, Bhash, Madhyam Shadav, Raktahansa, Kolhas, Prabhav, Bhairav, Dhwani, Megh, Somraag, Kamod, Dwitiya Kamod, Kandarp, Aamra Pancham, Deshakhya, Kaishik Kukubh, Nat Narayan.
* 5 Ragas from Shiv-Mukh : Shri, Vasant, Bhairav, Pancham, Megh
* 1 Raga from Parwati-Mukh : Natt Narayan.
* 6 Male Ragas and 36 Female Raginies of Shivmat :
Male Ragas Female Ragas
Shri Maalashri, Triveni, Gauri, Kedari, Madhumadhavi, Pahadi
Vasant Deshi, Devagiri, Varati, Todi, Lalita, Hindoli
Bhairav Bhairavi, Gurjari, Ramkiri, Gunakiri, Bangali, Saindhavi
Pancham Vibhasha, Bhupali, Kamati, Badahansika, Maalavi, Patamanjari
Megh Mallari, Saurati, Saveri, Kaishiki, Gandhari, Harshringari
Brihannat / Nattanarayan Kamodi, Kalyani, Aabhiri, Natika, Sarangi, Nattahambira
* 6 Male Ragas and 30 Female Ragas of Hanumanmat:
Male Ragas Female Ragas
Bhairav -Madhyamadi, Bairavi, Bangali, Varati, Saindhavi
Kaushik -Todi, Khambavati, Gauri, Gunakri, Kukubha
Hindol -Velawali, Ramkiri, Deshakhya, Patmanjari, Lalita
Deepak -Kedari, Kanada, Deshi, Kamodi, Natika
Shri -Vaasanti, Maalavi, Maalashri, Dhanasika, Aasawari
Megh -Mallari, Deshkari, Bhupali, Gurjari, Tanka
*6 Male Ragas and 30 Female Ragas of Ragarnavamat :
Male Ragas Female Ragas
Bhairav Bangali, Gunkiri, Madhyamadi, Vasant, Dhanashri
Pancham Lalita, Gurajari, Deshi, Varadi, Ramkrit
Mallar Nattanarayan, Gandhar, Saalag, Kedar, Karnat
Shri MeghMallari, Malkaushik, Patmanjari, Aasawari (only four here)
Gaud Maalav Hindol, Trivan, Aandhari, Gauri, Pat Hansika
Deshakhya Bhupali, Kudayi, Kamodi, Natika, Velawali
*Some Ragas with dhyan-Mantras : Kalyan Naat, Sarangnatt, Devgiri, Saurathi, Trivana, Pahadi, Pancham
*Some Ragas with indroduction only : Shankarabharan, Badahansa, Vibhas, Reva, Kudai, Aabhiri
Sangeet Paarijaat : Pandit Ahobal15
Morning Ragas : Dhanyashri, Malavashri, Raktahansa, Basant, Deshakhya, Deshkari, Bhupali, Prasabh, Madhyamadi, Kollahaas, Bangali, Bhairav, Narayani, Bibhas
Ragas in first quarter of the day : Gurjjari, Bergupti, Kaumari, Kajjali, Shankarabharan, Todi, Sorathi, Ramkrit, Naad, Ramkriya, Valavali, Kudayika, Gunkari, Jayashri, Shivavallabha.
Ragas in Second quarter of the day : Hansakhya, Deepak, Kambhodi, Kankan, Sarang, Devgandhar, Devgiri, Airavat, Arjjun, Ratnawali, Aasawari, Hindol, Manohar, Vaijjayanti, sarva, Varatika.
Ragas in Third Quarter of the day : Ghanta, Dhakka, Shri, Kokil, Saudamini, Kurang, Trivani, Suralaya, Purvi, Vihangada, Saamant, Kumud, Bad Hans, Pahadi, Chakradhar, Kalyanakhya, Varali, Manjubhasha, Sinharav, Patmanjari, All kinds of Gaul Ragas, Different types of Naat Raag, Kalpataru.
All time Ragas : Saindhav, Megh, Mallari, Pancham, Nilambari, Mukhari, Bhairavi, Lalit Meghnaad, Deshi, Mangalkosh, Gaund, Mallar, Aanand Bhairavi, Shankaranand, Maanavya, Rajdhani, Sharvari, Saaveri.
Ragas with Characteristics : Saindhav, Audav Dhanashri, Dhanashri, Shadav, Sampoorna, Dhanashri, Megh Malhar, Nilambari, Maalavashri, Raktahansa, Gauri, Mallari, Pancham, Vasant, Deshakhya, Deshkari, Mukhari, Bhairavi, Bhupali, Prasabh, Kollahaas, Bhairav, Vasant Bhairav, Bangali Madhyamadi, Narayani, Vibhas, Kaanadi, Meghnaad, Todi, Chhaya Todi, Margi Todi, Ghanta, Varati, Shuddha Varati, Khambavati, Aabhirika, Kalyan, Ramkari, Sarang, Maalav, Gunkriya, Kakubh, Shankarabharan, Badahansa, Velavali, Kedari, Kambodhi, Gopikambodhi, Deepak, Patmanjari, Lalita, Bahula, Dakshina Gurjari, Uttara Gurjari, Kaumari, Reva, Gaul, Kedar Gaul, Karnat Gaul, Sarang Gaul, Reeti Gaul, Narayan Gaul, Maalav Gaul, Deshi Hindol, Marga Hindol, Dhakka, Naat, Nat, Saalank Naat, Chhaya Naat, Kamod Naat, Aabhiri Naat, Kalyan Naat, Kedar Naat, Varaati Naat, Aasawari Saweri, Saalang, Shri, Pahadi, Bihagada, Purvi, Purvi Sarang, Saamant, Mangal Kosh, Naad Ramkriya, Kudai, Gaund, Devagiri, Devagandhari, Trivani, Kurang, Saudamini, Vaijayanti, Hans, Kokil, Jayashri, Suralaya, Arjun, Airawat, Kankan, Ratnawali, Kalpataru, Sorathi, Maru, Kumud, Chakradhar, Sinharaw, Manjughosha, Shivavallabha, Manohar, Aanand Bhairavi, Shankaranand, Maanavi, Rajdhani, Sharvari, Shuddha Kaushik, Tailang, Bheemapalasika.
Raga Tarangini : Pandit Lochan16
6 Ragas with their Raginies :
Raga Ragini
Bhairav Bangali, Madhumadhavi, Baradi, Bhairavi, Saindhavi
Kaushik Todi, Khambhavati, Gauri, Kukubh, Gunakari
Hindol Belawali, Deshakh, Ramkari, Lalita, Patmanjari
Deepak Kedara, Kaanada, Deshi, Kamod, Bihagada
Shri Vasanta, Maalava, Maalashri, Dhavashri, Aasawari
Megh Malaari, Deshika, Bhupali, Tank, Dakshin Gurjari
And,
Raghavi, Pahadia, Deshi, Madhavi, Bhathiali, Nepali, Shuddha Ramkri, Deshi Ramkari, Pratikari, Shuddha Kedar, Kedarakedar, Malaari Kedar, Pahadiya Kedar, Kamod Kedar, Kedarmaalav, Kamod Mangal, Dev-Kamod, Vasant, Vital Maalav, Desh Maalav, Shri Maalav, Dhanachhi Maalav, Viyogi Maalav, Vrihadviyogi Maalav, Pahadiya Maalav, Vijaypuri Maalav, Jogia Maalav, Sarangi Maalav, Priyatama Maalav, Chitatasavari, Deshasavari, Sindhasavari, Jogiasavari, Sindhulasavari, Bhauginyasavari, Sambhogasavari, Dandakasavari, Sarasasavari, Dravinyasavari, Abhiramasavari, Manoharasavari, Malaar, Shuddha, Pahadika.
Vibhasi Ahirani, Gopi Vallabh, Sharangi, Kodar, Dhanachhi, Gaud Maalav, Raj, Vijay, Naat, Lalita, Shuddha Deshi, Abhirama, Shobhana, Anoopa Suhi, Suhav, Kaamsuhav, Karunasuhav, Sundarsuhav, Smarsandipan, Kodar, Vijogi Kodar, Dandak Kodar, Shudha Kodar, Vitat Kodar, Desh Shuddha, Shuddha Kam, Karuna, Sundar, Mangali, Ghanacchi, Pahadaa, Panchamsura, Shri Vimishra Yogiaa, Shambhavi, Shobhana, Gaud, Devraj, Alanraj, Deshraj, Kaanarraj, Mangalraj, Manmoharaj, Bhathial Raj, Bhalaari Naat, Shankuk, Kamod Naat, Shuddha Naat, Uttam Bhairavi, Nilambari, Todi, Maalav, Shri Gauri, Chaiti Gauri, Pahadi Gauri, Deshi Todi, Deshkari, Gaura, Triran, Multani, Dhanashri, Vasant, Ramkari, Gurjari, Bahuli, Reva, Bhatiyar, Maalav, Shri Pancham, Jayatshree, Aasawari, Devagandhari, Sindhi, Aasawari, Gunakari, Karnat, Bageshwari, Kaanar, Khammach, Sorath, Paraj, Maru, Jayajayawanti, Kukubh, Kamod, Kedari, Baur, Maalav Kaushik, Hindol, Sugharai, Adana, Garakanada, Shrirag, Kedar Naat, Aabhir Naat, Khambavati, Shankarabharan, Vihagara, Hammeer, Shyam, Chhayanat, Bhupali, Bhimpalasi, Kaushik, Maru, Iman, Shuddha Kalyan, Puria, Jayatkalyan, Sarangpatmanjari, Vriandavani, Saamant, Tilok, Kalyan, Jogai, Gund, Kalyan Kamod, Gauri, Shyama, Gandhar, Varadi, Khat, Gunkari, Sivarashtra (Saurashtra), Kambhari, Aru, Madhumadhav, Natnarayan, Durga, Chaiti Badhans, Kaanar, Dhawal, Puria, Velawal, Kamod Pancham, Maalastri, Harbhushan, Saraswati, Gara, Mangalashtak, Lankadahan, Vallabh, Devagiri, Phirodasta, Bangpal, Aadana, Sahana, Patmanjari, Shankarabharan, Sorath, Kaukh, Kaumudi, Shailaja, Deshkar, Jayashri, Leelawati, Takk, Naagdhwani, Bhuwi, Bangali, Pancham, Narayan, Rajhansak, Kolahal, Shri Raman, Kakubh, Tribhalla, Kalaai, Natpurwak, Shakrashankramani, Kafi.
Hridayakautuk : Hridayanarayan17
13 Sansthanas and their Ragas :
Bhairavi Nilambari, Bhairavi, Saindhav
Todi Todi, Margatodi
Gauri Gauri, Maalav, Shri Gauri, Chaiti Gauri, Pahadi, Gauri, Deshi Todi, Deshkar, Gaud, Trivan, Multani, Dhanashri, Dhanashri, Vasantak, Gaura, Bhairav, Vibhas, Ramkari, Gurjari, Bahuli, Rewa, Bhatiyal, Khatraag, Maalshri, Pancham, Jayantashri.
Karnat Karnat, Kaanara, Deshi, Vegishwari, Khambaichi, Sorath, Paraj, Maru, Jaigaiwanti, Kakubha, Kamodi, Kedari, Gaur, Malkaushik, Hindol, Sugharai, Adana, Gara Kanada, Shri Raga.
Kedar Kedar, Kedar Naat, Jayant Kedar, Ahirnaat, Khambawati, Shankarabharan, Bihagada, Shyam, Chhayanat, Bhupali, Bhimpalashika, Puriya Kedar, Kaushik, Maru.
Iman Iman, Shudhakalyan, Puriya, JayatKalyan,
Sarang Sarang, Patmanjari, Vrindawani, Saamant, Badahans.
Megh Megh, Mallar, Yogini, Madhyamadi, Gaud Mallar, Devabharan, Gaud Sarang, Nat, Shuddh Belawali, Alahiya, Shuddhasuhaw
Hridayarama Hridayarama
Ghanashri Ghanashri, Lalit
Mukhari Mukhari
Purva Purva
Deepak (Not explained)
And,
Bharavi, Nilambari, Margatodi, Marga Gauri, Deshi Gauri, Maalav, Gauri, Chaiti Gauri, Pahadi, Gauri, Deshi Todi, Deshkar, Gaud, Trivan, Multani Dhanashri, Vasantak, Gaura, Bhairav, Bibhas, Ramkari, Gurjari, Bahuli, Bhatiyal, Khatraag, maalashri, Pancham Jayantshri, Aasawari, DevGandhar, Sindh Aasawari, Gunakari, Karnat, Kedari, Hindol, Sugharai, Adana, Shrirag, Kedar, Kedarnaat, Jayatkedar, Ahir Naat, Khambawati, Shankarabharan, Bihagara, Hameer, Shyamnaat, Chahayanaat, Bhupali, Bhimapalashika, Puriyakedar, Kaushik, Maru, Iman, Shuddha Kalyan, Puriya, Jayat Kalyan, Sarang, Patmanjari, Bindawani, Saamant, Badahans, Megh, Mallar, Yogini, Madhyamadi, Gaud Mallar, Devabharan, Gaud Sarang, Nat, Velavali, Alahiya, Shuddha, Soohab, Deshakh, Shuddha Naat, Hridayarama, Dhanashri, Lalit, Purva, Mukhari.
Hridayaprakash : Hridayanarayan18
Ragas devided in 12 Males :
Bhairavi Saindhav, Bhairavi, Nilambari
Karnat Karnat, Kakubh, Jaijaivanti, Saurashtri, Sugharai, Kamoda, Adana, Bageshwari
Mukhari Mukhari
Kedar Shyamnaat, Khambawati, Hammir, Shankarabharan, Jayatkedar, Puriyakedar, Vihagar, Ahiranaat, Maru, Bhimpalashika, Chhayanaat, Kedarnaat, Maalkaushik, Bhupali
Todi Todi
Iman Iman, Shuddha Kalyan, Puriyakalyan, Jait-Kalyan
Megh Megh, Shuddha Naat, Nat, Devagiri, Gaursaarang, Alahiya, Devabharan, Deshakh, Gaud Malhar, Soohab, Madhyamaadi, Mallar
Hridayarama Hiridayarama
Gauri Gauri, Multanidhanashri, Shriraga, Shadraga, Chaiti, Gauri, Vasant, Jayashri, Ramkali, Paraj, Pancham, Gandhar, Aasawari, Deshi Todi, Bhairav, Bahuli, Gurjari, Gaud, Gunakari, Deshkaal, Maalashri, Vibhas, Trivan
Saarang Saarang, Patamanjari, Saamant Badahans
Purva Purva
Dhanashri Dhanashri
In the tradition, Raga is not only a grammer but it’s a deity.” A Raga may attract initially due to its pattern but its ultimate appeal is due to its emotional content or the Rasa (Sentiment) which activates it.”19 For improvisation and composition, Raga is a melodic framework in Indian classical Music. It is essential to understand the structure of this melodic form that is called ‘Raga’ and which is explained in the Texts. These Texts are very important to understand the historical development of Raga in Indian Music. The synoptic view of some important texts is presented here.
References:
1. Gautam, M.R., The Musical Heritage of India, PP-14
2. Mehta, R.C., Indian Classical Music & Gharana Tradition, PP-11-12
3. Naarad, Sangeet Makarand, Sangeet Karyalaya, Hathras, pp- 14-21
4. Matang, Muni, Vrihaddeshi, (Translated by Dr. D.B. Kshirasagar) Publication Scheme, Jaipur, 1998, pp 180-223
5. Someshwar, Maanasollas, Geetvinodah, Gaikwad Oriental Series, Baroda,
pp 1-82
6. Jagadekmalla, Sangeet Chudamani,
(उद्धृत-1. Ramkrishnakavi, (Bharatkosh, Munshilal Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.)
(उद्धृत-2. काव्या, लावण्य कीर्ति सिंह, भारतीय संगीत ग्रन्थ, पृ. 100-101)
7. Sharangadeva, Sangeet Ratnakar, (Edited by Dr. Subhadra Choudhary), 2nd Chapter Radha Publication, Delhi, pp 1-105
8. Parshwadeva, Sangeet Samaysaar, Edited by Acharya Vrihaspati, 4th Adhikaran, pp. 127-146
9. Sudhakalash, Sangeetopanishatsaroddhar, Oriental Research Institute, Baroda, pp. 62-68
10. Kumbha, Maharana, Sangeet Raj, Geet Ratnakash Rajashthan Prachya Vidya Sansthan, Udaipur
11. Naarad, Chatwarinshat Raganirupanam, (Raga Nirupanam of Narad by Dr. M. Vijaylakshmi, pp 35-196)
12. Ramamatya, Swarmelakalanidhi, Sangeet Karyalaya, Hathras., pp. 24-45
13. Kshemakarna, Ragamalu edited by Dr. Rama Gupta, pp 2-60
14. Pandit, Damodar, Sangeet Darpan, 2nd Chapter Sangeet Karyalaya Hathras,
pp. 77-126
15. Ahobal, Pandit, Sangeet Parijat, Sangeet Karyalaya, Hathras, pp. 97-198
16. Lochan, Raga Tarangini, (Edited Dr. Shashinath Jha), Maithili Akademi, Patna,
(उद्धृत-2. पाठक, सुनन्दा, हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत में राग की उत्पत्ति एवं विकास, पृ. 319-321)
17. श्रीवास्तव, सुमनलता, संगीताधिराज हृदयनारायणदेव, पृ. 137-228
18. Ibid
19. Sharma, Monorama (Dr.), Tradition of Hindustani Music, pp. 9
